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go语言学习--channel的关闭

发布时间:2021-07-06 06:13:54 所属栏目:大数据 来源: https://www.jb51.cc
导读:在使用Go channel的时候,一个适用的原则是 不要从接收端关闭channel,也不要在多个并发发送端中关闭channel 。换句话说,如果sender(发送者)只是唯一的sender或者是channel最后一个活跃的sender,那么你应该在sender的goroutine关闭channel,从而通知receiv

在使用Go channel的时候,一个适用的原则是不要从接收端关闭channel,也不要在多个并发发送端中关闭channel。换句话说,如果sender(发送者)只是唯一的sender或者是channel最后一个活跃的sender,那么你应该在sender的goroutine关闭channel,从而通知receiver(s)(接收者们)已经没有值可以读了。维持这条原则将保证永远不会发生向一个已经关闭的channel发送值或者关闭一个已经关闭的channel。
(我们将会称上面的原则为channel closing principle)

保持channel closing principle的优雅方案

channel closing principle要求我们只能在发送端进行channel的关闭,对于日常遇到的可以归结为三类

1、m个receivers,一个sender.

2、一个receiver,n个sender

3、m个receivers,n个sender

1、m个receivers,一个sender

M个receivers,一个sender,sender通过关闭data channel说“不再发送”

这是最简单的场景了,就只是当sender不想再发送的时候让sender关闭data 来关闭channel:

 1 package main
 2 
 3 import (
 4     "time"
 5     math/rand 6     sync 7     log 8 )
 9 
10 func main() {
11     rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
12     log.SetFlags(013 
14     // ...
15     const MaxRandomNumber = 100000
16     const NumReceivers = 100
17 
18     wgReceivers := sync.WaitGroup{}
19     wgReceivers.Add(NumReceivers)
20 
21     22     dataCh := make(chan int,10023 
24      the sender
25     go func() {
26         for {
27             if value := rand.Intn(MaxRandomNumber); value == 28                  the only sender can close the channel safely.
29                 close(dataCh)
30                 return
31             } else {            
32                 dataCh <- value
33             }
34         }
35     }()
36 
37      receivers
38     for i := 0; i < NumReceivers; i++39         go func() {
40             defer wgReceivers.Done()
41 
42              receive values until dataCh is closed and
43              the value buffer queue of dataCh is empty.
44             for value := range dataCh {
45                 log.Println(value)
46 47         }()
48     }
49 
50     wgReceivers.Wait()
51 }

2、一个receiver,n个senders

? ? ? 一个receiver,N个sender,receiver通过关闭一个额外的signal channel说“请停止发送”
这种场景比上一个要复杂一点。我们不能让receiver关闭data channel,因为这么做将会打破channel closing principle。但是我们可以让receiver关闭一个额外的signal channel来通知sender停止发送值:

const NumSenders = 1000
19     wgReceivers.Add(123     stopCh := make(chan struct{})
24          stopCh is an additional signal channel.
25          Its sender is the receiver of channel dataCh.
 Its reveivers are the senders of channel dataCh.
27 
28      senders
29     0; i < NumSenders; i++30 31             32                 value := rand.Intn(MaxRandomNumber)
33 
34                 select35                 case <- stopCh:
36                     37                 case dataCh <- value:
38                 }
41 42 
43      the receiver
44         defer wgReceivers.Done()
46 
47         48             if value == MaxRandomNumber-49                  the receiver of the dataCh channel is
50                  also the sender of the stopCh cahnnel.
51                  It is safe to close the stop channel here.
52                 close(stopCh)
53                 54 55 
56             log.Println(value)
57 58 59 
60     61 62 }

3、m个receivers,n个sender

M个receiver,N个sender,它们当中任意一个通过通知一个moderator(仲裁者)关闭额外的signal channel来说“让我们结束游戏吧”
这是最复杂的场景了。我们不能让任意的receivers和senders关闭data channel,也不能让任何一个receivers通过关闭一个额外的signal channel来通知所有的senders和receivers退出游戏。这么做的话会打破channel closing principle。但是,我们可以引入一个moderator来关闭一个额外的signal channel。这个例子的一个技巧是怎么通知moderator去关闭额外的signal channel:

  1   2 
  3   4       5       6       7       8     strconv  9  10 
 11  12  13     log.SetFlags( 14 
 15      16      17     10
 18      19 
 20     wgReceivers := 21  22 
 23      24     dataCh := make(chan  25     stopCh := make(chan  26          27          Its sender is the moderator goroutine shown below.
 28          Its reveivers are all senders and receivers of dataCh.
 29     toStop := make(chan string,1)"> 30          the channel toStop is used to notify the moderator
 31          to close the additional signal channel (stopCh).
 32          Its senders are any senders and receivers of dataCh.
 33          Its reveiver is the moderator goroutine shown below.
 34 
 35     var stoppedBy string
 36 
 37      moderator
 38  39         stoppedBy = <- toStop  part of the trick used to notify the moderator
 40                                to close the additional signal channel.
 41         close(stopCh)
 42  43 
 44      45      46         go func(id string) {
 47              48                 value := 49                 if value ==  50                      here,a trick is used to notify the moderator
 51                      52                      53                     case toStop <- sender#" + id:
 54                     default:
 55                     }
 56                      57  58 
 59                  the first select here is to try to exit the
 60                  goroutine as early as possible.
 61                  62                  63                      64                  65  66 
 67                  68                  69                      70                  71  72  73         }(strconv.Itoa(i))
 74  75 
 76      77      78         go func(id  79  80 
 81              82                  same as senders,the first select here is to 
 83                  try to exit the goroutine as early as possible.
 84                  85                  86                      87                  88  89 
 90                  91                  92                      93                 case value := <-dataCh:
 94                      95                          the same trick is used to notify the moderator 
 96                          97                          98                         receiver# 99                         100                         }
101                         102 103 
104                     log.Println(value)
105 106 107 108 109 
110     111 112     log.Println(stopped by",stoppedBy)
113 }

打破channel closing principle

有没有一个内置函数可以检查一个channel是否已经关闭。如果你能确定不会向channel发送任何值,那么也确实需要一个简单的方法来检查channel是否已经关闭:

 3 import fmt 4 
 5 type T int
 6 
 7 func IsClosed(ch <-chan T) bool 8      9     ch:
10         return true
11     12 false
15 }
16 
17 18     c := make(chan T)
19     fmt.Println(IsClosed(c))  false
20     close(c)
21     fmt.Println(IsClosed(c))  true
22 }

?

上面已经提到了,没有一种适用的方式来检查channel是否已经关闭了。但是,就算有一个简单的?closed(chan T) bool函数来检查channel是否已经关闭,它的用处还是很有限的,就像内置的len函数用来检查缓冲channel中元素数量一样。原因就在于,已经检查过的channel的状态有可能在调用了类似的方法返回之后就修改了,因此返回来的值已经不能够反映刚才检查的channel的当前状态了。
尽管在调用closed(ch)返回true的情况下停止向channel发送值是可以的,但是如果调用closed(ch)返回false,那么关闭channel或者继续向channel发送值就不安全了(会panic)。

The Channel Closing Principle

在使用Go channel的时候,一个适用的原则是不要从接收端关闭channel,也不要在多个并发发送端中关闭channel。换句话说,如果sender(发送者)只是唯一的sender或者是channel最后一个活跃的sender,那么你应该在sender的goroutine关闭channel,从而通知receiver(s)(接收者们)已经没有值可以读了。维持这条原则将保证永远不会发生向一个已经关闭的channel发送值或者关闭一个已经关闭的channel。
(下面,我们将会称上面的原则为channel closing principle

打破channel closing principle的解决方案

如果你因为某种原因从接收端(receiver side)关闭channel或者在多个发送者中的一个关闭channel,那么你应该使用列在Golang panic/recover Use Cases的函数来安全地发送值到channel中(假设channel的元素类型是T)

 1 func SafeSend(ch chan T,value T) (closed  2     defer func() {
 3         if recover() != nil {
 4              the return result can be altered 
 5              in a defer function call
 6             closed =  7 10     ch <- value  panic if ch is closed
false  <=> closed = false; return
12 }

?

如果channel?ch没有被关闭的话,那么这个函数的性能将和ch <- value接近。对于channel关闭的时候,SafeSend函数只会在每个sender goroutine中调用一次,因此程序不会有太大的性能损失。
同样的想法也可以用在从多个goroutine关闭channel中:

 1 func SafeClose(ch chan T) (justClosed  4             justClosed =  5  6  7 
 assume ch != nil here.
 9     close(ch) 10     11 }

?

很多人喜欢用sync.Once来关闭channel:

 1 type MyChannel     C    chan T
    once sync.Once
 4  5 
 6 func NewMyChannel() *MyChannel {
 7     return &MyChannel{C: make(chan T)}
10 func (mc *MyChannel) SafeClose() {
    mc.once.Do(func(){
        close(mc.C)
13     })
14 }

?

当然了,我们也可以用sync.Mutex来避免多次关闭channel:

    C      chan T
 3     closed bool
    mutex  sync.Mutex
 7 func NewMyChannel() * 9 10 
11 func (mc *    mc.mutex.Lock()
13     if !mc.closed {
14 15         mc.closed = 16     mc.mutex.Unlock()
18 19 
20 func (mc *MyChannel) IsClosed() 21 22     defer mc.mutex.Unlock()
23     return mc.closed
24 }

?

我们应该要理解为什么Go@R_301_472@内置SafeSendSafeClose函数,原因就在于并不推荐从接收端或者多个并发发送端关闭channel。Golang甚至禁止关闭只接收(receive-only)的channel。

?

(编辑:北几岛)

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